The coin would be enough to purchase a sparrow at a market in London's East End. Australian coins price guide and values - Pre-decimal coins. A knowledgeable person on another board posted the best answer. Farthings bearing King George's portrait were produced every year of his reign but 1910. Baby kangaroos, known as joeys, are remarkably small. It does not store any personal data. (Australia, informal) An exclamation of support or approval, usually for a sporting (especially football) team. [i] Beginning in 1897, farthings were issued artificially darkened; this was to avoid confusion of bright new farthings with the half sovereign; the bronze farthing and the gold piece were the same size. A British copper farthing succeeded the English farthing after England and Scotland were united into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, although not immediately. Copyright 2023 History Today Ltd. Company no. Punishment Given As A Warning Crossword Clue, 2020 2021 AUSTRALIA AC/DC $1 ONE DOLLAR SILVER FROSTED UNC COIN - ISSUE PRICE. The farthing ceased to be legal tender on December 31st, 1960. This shows a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the word FARTHING above. Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. When were 1c & 2c coins taken out of circulation? $1 coins were introduced in 1994, and $2 coins in 1998. when did farthings go out of circulation in australia. Unlike the penny, farthings were minted throughout the early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen of all Britons defender of the faith) in 1953, and ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D (Elizabeth II by the grace of God queen defender of the faith) thereafter. In the meantime the price of copper had risen, and a more conventional coin was struck. If the penny sticks to the magnet, it is made out of steel not copper. Another was to keep the penny and have a new unit at 100 pence (eight shillings and fourpence). Farthing, 1799. Expert Answers: The British farthing ( 14d) coin, from Old English foring, from fora, a fourth, was a unit of currency of one quarter of a penny, equivalent to 1960 of. The obverse legend around the king's bust is RICAR DI GRA REX. William & Mary reverted to issuing copper farthings for circulation in 1694, although about four 1693 dated coins are known with the old tin farthing obverse. All of the 12-sided coins are inscribed with EDWARDVS VII D G BRITT OMN REX F D IND IMP. Please do not handle your LAVA lamp while its still operating or hot to the touch, Modern fire engines use their own water, as well as a pump to move it and a hose. When was the thousand-dollar bill taken out of circulation? [12], The 1754 stoppage was due to a glut of coppers, and was done at the urgent request of merchants. Originally a fourthling, or fourth part of a penny, Britains tiniest coin had a history stretching back to the 13th century. : 1878 - 1954) Sat 25 Sep 1943 Page 5 No Farthing in Australian Currency Error loading images metadata for page '5449004' metadata: Forbidden Match text 0 Loading article contents, please wait. It was first struck in copper in the early 17th century under James I of England. Values of the Farthing Today These items are sought after, and a good but used example will cost around 1 a good starting point for a young collector. From 1947 it was made from cupronickel. The farthing was produced in 1831, and 18341837, the final issue being struck during the year of King William's death. When did The Threepenny Bit go out of circulation? RICAR DI GRA REX is the obverse legend surrounding the kings bust. On May 19, 1613 James issued a proclamation prohibiting private token coinage and granting John Harrington, Lord of Exton, a royal patent to produce copper farthing tokens which were to be used throughout the realm. [8] The price of metal had risen, so the new farthings were lighter than the Anne coins, at 4.55.3grams. [16] Despite the counterfeiting, the Mint ceased striking coppers in 1775 on the ground that there were sufficient legal farthings and halfpennies in commerce. New farthings and halfpennies were introduced in Charles IIs time in 1672, with a figure of Britannia on the reverse. [7], The need for a copper coinage was no less after the accession of King George I (17141727), but the Anne halfpennies and farthings (made with metal prepared at the Royal Mint) had failed tests for purity. Lightweight counterfeit halfpennies and farthings (the penny was then made of silver) had been seen as early as 1725, and in the following decades, they became a flood. Good value. coinage often only used in British colonies. Until then people would cut a penny into two or four pieces to obtain a smaller coin. The inscription around the bust read VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D (abbreviated Latin: Victoria by the grace of God queen of Britain defender of the faith). The first round farthing was issued from 1279 under Edward I, it was made of silver. [24], In 1859, the Government decided the poor state of the copper coinage demanded its withdrawal. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 1a : a former British monetary unit equal to / of a penny. What currency did Australia use before federation? Australia used a dollar valued at ten old shillings, making the new cent equal to 1.2 old pence, a small change in value. What year did Australia change to decimal currency? Since you've made it this far, we want to assume you're a real, live human. Values of the Farthing Today These are sought after, and a very good but used example will be worth around 1 that's a decent starting point for a young collector. Australia used a dollar valued at ten old shillings, making the new cent equal to 1.2 old pence, a small change in value. Did Australia use farthings? In Australia the piece of eight (Spanish 8 real) was the same value as a 5 shilling coin or the crown (1/4 of a pound). $1 coins were first issued in 1984, and $2 coins soon followed in 1988. 1 ( one pound) equalled 20 shillings (20s or 20/-) 240 pennies ( 240d ) = 1. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. With 12 pennies in a shilling and 20 shillings in a pound, there was a lot of difficult maths involved in using our money. Not all coins are worth 1p (Image: Getty) Guernsey started issuing 1p Guernsey coins in 1971 with crabs on the back. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. A very fine example will command around 7.50, while a perfect uncirculated example can be worth upwards of 100. A penny farthing is a type of bicycle. [44] In an attempt to break the deadlock between King Edward and the Mint, artist Wilson Parker had prepared a series of coinage designs based on what were loosely deemed royal animals: eagle, dove, stag, sturgeon, swan and wren, which though liked by the advisory committee (including a young Kenneth Clark) did not receive their endorsement due to the committee's preference for heraldry. Later on, when the tin was dropped, fake farthings multiplied and to stop this the new Rose farthing was introduced in the 1630s, made partly of brass with a rose on the back. [27] Parliament passed legislation in 1860 that allowed the penny, halfpenny and farthing to be struck from an alloy of metals. Farthing, 1799. The early years. On May 19, 1613 James issued a proclamation prohibiting private token coinage and granting John Harrington, Lord of Exton, a royal patent to produce copper farthing tokens which were to be used throughout the realm. by nesb.ja 07 Feb, 2017 . The farthing ceased to be legal tender on December 31st, 1960. The stroke of midnight that ushered in New Years Day 1961 tolled the funeral bell for the farthing. In the 15th century some were struck in Calais and later third-farthings, worth a 12th of a penny, were minted for use only in Malta. The 1 and 2 cent coins were last minted for circulation in 1987, with collector coins being made for 1988. [31], In 1896, a new obverse was introduced to the bronze coinage showing Victoria as an elderly woman. A quarter the size of a penny, they were made of silver and showed the young king holding a sceptre, with a cross on the reverse. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Connect with dealers, other coin collectors and put coins up on your wishlist look up coin prices and values and ask for coins on your wishlist to make offers for. Retroarch Shaders List, Values, images, and specifications for the 1943 farthing coin from the United Kingdom, Britain, England, Wales, Scotland . Its easy to buy coins, and collections can be started on a low budget. Copper coins were struck the following year with the denomination of penny and half penny - Australia never produced any farthings. When did florins go out of circulation? This change was a recognition that some of the nations of the British Commonwealth were republics. For other coin designs go to Reverse Coin Designs. The Australian dollar replaced the Australian pound on 14 February 1966 as part of the decimalisation process. Why not have a little fun after finding a Canadian cent in my change! It was a $2 coin and commemorated Remembrance Day with an image of a red poppy on the reverse side. . For coins minted before the formation of the. [45] Another reason for the change was that the Britannia design, reduced from a model, was difficult to appreciate given the coin's small size. 42 On a farthing meaning? Threepence pieces from the short reign of Edward VII are valued at just 2, although those minted in 1904 and 1906 are valued at 3. (L. quadrans),[1] was a denomination of sterling coinage worth 1/960 of one pound, 1/48 of one shilling, or 1/4 of one penny; initially minted in copper and then in bronze, which replaced the earlier English farthings. The coin continued to be issued in most years of the first half of the 20th century, and in 1937 it finally received its own reverse design, a wren. Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton, Qld. Dogs Eating Cauliflower, Boulton coined more in 1806, and the Royal Mint resumed production in 1821. Some Anne farthings escaped into circulation, and there was a persistent and incorrect legend that they were of immensely high value. Like all British coins, the obverse face of the farthing coin bore the portrait of the incumbent monarch.[5]. Britannia first appeared on the coin in 1672, under Charles II. King George VI wren farthing 1946 The stroke of midnight that ushered in New Years Day 1961 tolled the funeral bell for the farthing. 39 Was the penny farthing invented in victorian times? Farthing, 1799. Most often asked questions related to bitcoin. In some cases, for example a rare emperor or rare reverse can have a high value, around 1000 $ or even higher. [25] The farthing was in particular need of replenishment; an 1857 survey had found that farthings made up only about 3 percent of the copper coins in circulation, though about 20 percent of the coppers struck since 1821 had been farthings. This was replaced in 1895 by the "old head", or "veiled bust". The real shift towards the adoption of decimal currency occurred from the 1950s with the rise of international trade, and various members of the British empire and Commonwealth adopting decimal currency. Australia's own currency was introduced progressively from 1910.Any Farthings circulating in Australia would have been British Farthings Its causes are famously mythologized. At this time, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cent coins were issued. The symbol for a penny was a d (for the Latin denarius), and for a shilling, it was s (the Latin solidus). After the farthing was withdrawn in 1960, the halfpenny was the lowest denomination coin until its demise in the run-up to decimalisation. The quadrans was a low-value Roman bronze coin worth one quarter of an as. Kelly uses an acoustic Taylor guitar, unlike many young musicians who use computer technology, drum machine, Butter my biscuit is a derivation of the phrase putting icing on the cake, which refers to finishing or finishing a product with a decorative, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? The private sector eventually reacted, filling the gap with private tokens starting in 1787, and the Treasury awarded a contract to Matthew Boulton to strike copper coins in 1797. Maybe I should go back to that store and see if they would give me a Canadian 5-cents coin and I would give them four U.S. cents. Most relevant reviews. Introduction In 1911, the National Insurance Act, introduced on July 1st, created created an unusually large demand for bronze and silver coins. For coins minted before the formation of the. Its Friday. This allowed for the standard gold, silver and bronze British coins to circulate freely in New Zealand alongside the existing variety of foreign coins. A rare emperor or reverse, for example, can have a high value of around 1000 dollars or even higher in some cases. Good value. The value of the Elizabeth II sixpence has not significantly increased since the coin was withdrawn in recent years, and it isnt worth as much as other coins today. While normal on Look up coin prices and values to see how much your collection is worth. Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence, which was minted with the same size as the shilling until 1990, after which the shilling no longer remained legal tender. Between 1860 and 1895 there is a lighthouse to Britannia's left and a ship to her right. Again, the latter were not for domestic use, and they did not bear the Britannia figure. (thank goodness it is very annoying in the USA getting 1c coins in change). some parts of Australia. [18] These pieces were made current by a proclamation of 14 November of that year, that made them legal tender to sixpence. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. From 1947 it was made from cupronickel. [18], The death of King George in 1830 brought his brother, King William IV (18301837) to the throne. British coins continued in use until 1910, when Australian silver coins were introduced. With the coin only being withdrawn in fairly recent years, the value of the Elizabeth II sixpence hasn't significantly increased and isn't worth as much as the others today. Maybe I should go back to that store and see if they would give me a Canadian 5-cents coin and I would give them four U.S. cents. from People: And by the grace of God, I got t The British farthing (from Old English foring, from fora, a fourth) abbreviated qua. The Royal Mint could not meet this demand, so some of its production was sub-contracted to a private mint - The Heaton Mint, Birmingham. When did the half farthing go out of circulation? 4 When was the farthing withdrawn from circulation in? 2/ (two shillings, or one florin, colloquially "two-bob bit") 2/6 (two shillings and six pence, usually said as "two and six" or a "half-crown"; the value could also be spoken as "half a crown", but the coin was always a half-crown). 1 : of, relating to, exhibiting, or characteristic of old age senile weakness especially : exhibiting a loss of cognitive abilities (such as memory) associated with old age. In 1910 and 1911, the full range of coins was issued. [7] The farthing was made in relatively small number compared to the halfpenny (struck every year from 17301754); in no year were even half as many farthings coined, and in most years, far fewer. We have also covered some of the pre-UK. The Consecratio theme or family coins with more than one member are usually uncommon. 1a: a former British currency equivalent to 1/4 of a penny. In this world of hi-tech, fast consumerism, where nothing is made to last, you might be pleased to know that coin collecting is back in vogue. Farthing, 1799. Rare 1p with crab. Fractional farthings were issued from 1839. 37 When did the farthing go out of circulation? William & Mary reverted to issuing copper farthings for circulation in 1694, although about four 1693 dated coins are known with the old tin farthing obverse. : 1878 - 1954), that the council provided a definite ser-. Not all coins are worth 1p (Image: Getty) Guernsey started issuing 1p Guernsey coins in 1971 with crabs on the back. Rare 1p with crab. Warriors Registration, It contained about a farthing's worth of copper, as Sir Isaac Newton was Master of the Mint, and he believed coins should contain their value in metal. Still others, notably Ireland, decimalised only when the UK did. Before being taken out of circulation in 1960, two Farthings were in a Half Penny (Hapenny), and obviously, two Hapennies made a Penny. [4] Farthings with Croker's design for George's head were minted in 17301737 and 1739. Page v. The reasons which led to printing, in this country, the memoirs of Theobald Wolfe Tone, are the same which induce the publisher to submit to the public the memoirs of Joseph Holt; in the first place, as presenting "a most curious and characteristic piece of auto-biography," and in the second, as calculated to gratify the general desire for information on the affairs of Ireland. It was not until 1961, in the wake of South Africa's successful move to decimalisation that the British Government introduced the Committee of the Inquiry on Decimal Currency, whose 1963 report resulted in the final agreement to adopt decimalisation on 1 March 1966, with the approval of the Decimal Currency Act in May 1969. In Australia the piece of eight (Spanish 8 real) was the same value as a 5 shilling coin or the crown (1/4 of a pound). Post-decimalisation, the old shilling coins continued to be used for many years as 5p alongside their same-sized decimal replacements, as did florins for 10p. How did coins (penny, nickle, dime, quarter) get their sizes? I presume the question is regarding US coins. Is a lava lamp supposed to get really hot? In this world of hi-tech, fast consumerism, where nothing is made to last, you might be pleased to know that coin collecting is back in vogue. from CNN "He'll be here by the grace of God," Michele said. No one chucks a relatively high value coin in the back of a draw for prosperity in the middle of a depression! The farthing ceased to be legal tender on December 31st, 1960. The last circulating one cent coins were dated 1990 and the last circulating two cent coins were dated 1989. It remained legal tender and in circulation with the value of 2.5 pence until 1980 when it was officially withdrawn. How do you put an ATV winch solenoid to the test? 17) can be identified among the latest of the royal farthings before the adoption of the brass-plugged rose farthings (Fig. Why does the farthing coin have no date on it? When was the threepenny bit withdrawn? Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for the farthings produced during their respective reigns. When did farthings go out of circulation? some parts of Australia. This meant that certain sections of the Imperial Coinage Act, 1816 (UK) became relevant to the new colony. In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin. Following decimalisation, on 15 February 1971, the coin remained in circulation but was reduced in value. . Farthing On International Shipping [PDF] [6n2vacp3u140]. The farthing ceased to be legal tender on December 31st, 1960. era prior to the formation of the United Kingdom. After the old thrippences and sixpences went out of circulation in Australia, many people kept a few specifically for use in Christmas puddings. I was the only kid in school whose mother worked instead of staying home. 38 Do farthings have any value? Even keep track of your coin collection in an online database. [22][23] In Victorian times, a farthing could buy three oysters, with bread and butter, from an oyster-seller walking the streets of London. Ah -- kind of a significant digits question then, going into thousandths (X.XXX) where we only go into hundredths (X.XX). Why not have a little fun after finding a Canadian cent in my change! The British farthing (derived from the Old English feorthing, a fourth part)[1] was a British coin worth a quarter of an old penny (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1960 of a pound sterling). . In 18061807 a further 22.5 tons (23 tonnes) of copper was struck into farthings by Boulton, but the price of copper had risen again and the weight was less than the 1799 issue. The halfpenny lasted until decimalization, when it became legal tender on July 31, 1969. In 1936 she was replaced on the reverse of the coin by the wren, Britains smallest bird, which remained there to the end. Good quality. The farthing was struck fairly regularly under George IV and William IV. When did the crown coin go out of circulation? 1960 [3], Issuance of farthings had not been necessary during most of the reign of Queen Anne (17011714) due to a surplus of English farthings, which continued in circulation. 17) can be identified among the latest of the royal farthings before the adoption of the brass-plugged rose farthings (Fig. 5 out of 5 stars. The Patent Farthings 1613-1642. [39] A total of 1,021,013 in pennies were struck bearing Edward's portrait, and 222,790 in halfpennies, but only 45,429 in farthings. [41] There was a movement afoot for more modern coinage designs; the Irish Free State had in 1927 adopted a series of coins depicting animals and some of the colonies had redesigned their coinages. [28] Large quantity of bronze pennies, halfpennies and farthings were struck beginning in 1860 not only by the Royal Mint but by two Birmingham firms under contract. Coins of Australia. After the farthing was withdrawn in 1960, the halfpenny was the lowest denomination coin until its demise in the run-up to decimalisation. Even some of the most recent United Kingdom decimal coins are sought-after by numismatics or coin collectors, and can now sell for around 100. When did Australia stop using farthings? Show more Show less. Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Is the $100 bill the next to go? Does cayenne pepper help with circulation? Disregarding minor changes in alloy, these would remain the farthing's specifications until abolition after 1956. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Farthings can still be held as legal tender, however, as these coins are no longer minted, a coin's true worth lies in its collectability. when did farthings go out of circulation in australia Opublikowane przez w dniu 14 czerwca 2021 w dniu 14 czerwca 2021 Expats In Mexico Magazine, There were 240 pennies to a pound because originally 240 silver penny coins weighed 1 pound (1lb). Method 2of 3:Soaking Coins. uttermost. Its easy to buy coins, and collections can be started on a low budget. On that day Britain switched to the decimal system we use today, where one hundred pence make one pound. The inscription on the Old Head farthing was VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP. This is your one-stop encyclopedia that has numerous frequently asked questions answered. Infrastructure Consulting & Engineering, Detailed Lesson Plan About Climate Grade 9, International Organization For Migration Headquarters, Punishment Given As A Warning Crossword Clue. Some British copper farthings were struck in the reigns of George I and George II. In Australia, it was noticed that the (silver) threepence was a very small coin. When was the farthing phased out? How fast does a penny farthing go? Modern Times In 1860, farthings, pennies and halfpennies were all reduced in size and began to be minted in bronze, due to it being more hard wearing. What does the phrase butter my biscuit mean. [j][41], The farthings of Edward's son and successor, King George V, resulted in a new left-facing portrait by Sir Bertram Mackennal and the continuation of the Britannia design. Australia struck her first coins in 1910 with the silver denominations of florin, shilling, sixpence and threepence. 1966 It ceased to be struck after 1956 and was demonetised from 1January 1961.[2]. One that hit Australia particularly hard. [33], The new bronze farthings weighed 2.83.0grams, were 20 millimetres in diameter, and were made of an alloy of 95% copper, 4% tin and 1% zinc. Is the $100 bill the next to go? 2 : extreme, utmost. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Colorado Rockies Rosters, The counterfeit coins were originally introduced as a novelty item, but some have remained in circulation. The next farthings were the first struck by steam power, in 1799 by Matthew Boulton at his Soho Mint under licence. 28 Are penny farthings hard to ride? The coin was first minted in silver during the reign of Edward VI of England. The lack of 1 and 2 cent coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5 cents (10 cents as of 2006), a process known as Swedish rounding. Most relevant reviews. Free postage. A farthing of King Edward VIII (reigned 1936) does exist, dated 1937, but technically it is a pattern coin, one produced for official approval, which it was due to receive at about the time that the King abdicated, and in the event no farthings bearing his likeness were ever issued. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Post-decimalisation, the old shilling coins continued to be used for many years as 5p alongside their same-sized decimal replacements, as did florins for 10p. [49] Demand continued to dwindle, and production of the farthing was discontinued after 1956. Originally a Joey was the nickname given to a groat (4 pence) but when that went out of circulation in 1855 the silver 3 pence inherited the name. It is most. 5-6 dead lead, 8 ga), The temperature of your LAVA lamp is extremely hot. With the exception of the first Proclamation Coinage and the holey dollars, all Australian coins remain legal tender despite being withdrawn from circulation. Are farthings silver? "This denomination was re-introduced for circulation in 1836 at the recommendation of Joseph Hume and nick-named after him 'Joeys'. Circulation issue groats had the Britannia reverse; Maundy Groats did not." Charles II tin farthings dated 1685 are very rare, as the King died on February 6th 1684 (old style) and the new year followed six weeks later. No, farthings are no longer produced nor accepted as a form of currency in the United Kingdom. The quadrans Greek name was kodrantes, which was translated as farthing in the King James Version of the Bible. Macquarie decided that a circulation of these coins, as they are, in the region will cause a problem. Farthings of the 1799 issue weigh 5.86.6 grams (0.200.23oz), with a diameter 2324 millimetres (0.910.94in), while the later Boulton issue weighs 4.74.8 grammes (0.17 oz) with a diameter 2122 millimetres (0.830.87in). Private Investigations in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. They called it a penny-farthing - but it's worth 3,000 pounds. A Farthing (an old English word for four things often referred to as a Fadge) was a quarter of a penny, written as d. (8d), pronounced "eightpence". Any Latin grammarian would have known that a quadrans was a bronze coin worth one-fourth of a Roman as, making its English translation as farthing (one-fourth of a penny) almost unavoidable. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Copper coins were struck the following year with the denomination of penny and half penny - Australia never produced any farthings. Please enable JavaScript in your browser to get the full Trove experience. Lets start with the 1943 penny that everyone asks so much about 1943 Penny Free postage. Federation in 1901 gave the Commonwealth a constitutional power to issue coins and removed this power from the States. Half penny (d), penny (1d), threepence (3d), sixpence (6d . The obverse, designed by Richard Yeo or Thomas Pingo depicts a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription GEORGIVS III REX,[c] while no significant change was made to the reverse. . AU $250.00. Before decimalisation, British money was made up of pounds, shillings, and pence as follows: 1 pound = 20 shillings. (thank goodness it is very annoying in the USA getting 1c coins in change). For other coin designs go to Reverse Coin Designs. The National Library of Australia's Copies Direct service lets you purchase higher quality, larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages. item 4 AUSTRALIA 1938 Half Penny with Mint Bloom EXCEPTIONAL Coin 4 - AUSTRALIA 1938 Half Penny with Mint Bloom EXCEPTIONAL Coin. 2 : something of small value : mite. The National Library of Australia's Copies Direct service lets you purchase higher quality, larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages.