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In contrast, when analyzing by the prevalence rate of personswith HIV in state or federal prison, the HIV prevalence rate in women (range, 1.3-1.8%) was similar to the HIV prevalence rate in men (range, 1.3-1.4%) (Figure 11). Considering the high HIV prevalencein the correctional settings, it is imperative that strategies and systems are in place to maximize initiation and uninterrupted administration of antiretroviral therapy within jails and prisons. Which of the following cases launched the prisoners' rights movement? As of September 30, 2012, there were about ________ employees of adult correctional agencies in the United States. Source: Carson EA. anti-staff mentality, interracial tension, or levels of violence. In 2006 the State of __________ had the highest incidence of AIDS related deaths in its prison population? Which of the following statements best describes the term parole? Because of limited access to HIV specialists, some prison systems have attempted to cohort persons with HIV in one or two facilities that have the easiest access to the specialists they needed. According to the philosopher, the duration of a 'second' is precise. Assume as in parts (a), (b), and ( c) that two shots will be awarded. True or False? A person appointed by the juvenile court to serve as a special guardian for the youth being processed through thejuvenile justice system is called a? Criminologists Richard Hawkins and Geoffrey Alpert identified four general ways in which correctional officers respond to their jobs. On June 19, 2002, the Supreme Court held in_______that the execution of the mentally retarded is cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Penitentiaries are relatively modern social institutions and their development is distinctly American. Mandatory release is similar to ________ in that persons let out under either arrangement ordinarily receive a period of community supervision. Revocation hearings usually begin with a violation report prepared by the probation officer. Racism Identify the standard-setting professional associations in the field of corrections that have developed models of professionalism.The American Probation and Parole Association The American Jail Association The American Correctional Association Identify an accurate statement about education as a component of trueprofessionalism in This is called__________. These include untreated mental illness, medication side effects, lack of trust in the medical provider or in the benefit of taking antiretroviral medications, and social isolation. Referral to an HIV provider or specialist depending on the HIV medical providers experience, the stage of HIV, and complexity of medical issues. The power, right or authority of a court to interpret and apply the law is called? The case of McKeiver v. Pennsylvania ruled that juveniles do not have? What is described as the secret exchange of goods and services among inmates? Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. If appointments cannot be made in advance, make walk-in arrangements with clinical providers. [7] Epidemiologic surveys indicate the prevalence of HIV in 2015 was approximately 1.3% among inmates in correctional facilities, which is markedly higher than the 0.3 to 0.4% HIV prevalence in the general United States population. They represent a minor percentage of staff members in prisons. Pseudofamilies exist in men's prisons in the same manner they exists in women's prisons. To this end, we subscribe to the following principles. Depending on the nature of the complaint, investigations can be criminal (if the officer broke the law or violated an individual's rights), administrative (if the officer violated department policy), or both. [20] The immediate clinical management issues that should be addressed include HIV prevention counseling, referral for mental health treatment if needed, initial evaluation and staging of HIV, and referral for HIV treatment (Table 1). The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by "correcting" the behavior of offenders through treatment, education or training is called? Some terms may not be used. [11] Incarcerated women with HIV have an even higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders than their male counterparts. The usual strategy is to intentionally foul the other team's worst free-throw shooter. As a rule, statements including these words have less of a chance of being correct. [27,28]Data on state prison HIV intake testing practice for 2015 showed that 15 states performed mandatory HIV testing (tested all prisoners regardless without the need for consent) and 17 states provided opt-out HIV testing (offered the HIV test and the test was performed unless the prisoner declined) (Figure 12). After release from prison or jail into the general community, persons with HIV may engage in sex activities that may increase their risk of transmitting HIV to others, particularly with their pre-incarceration sex partners. When an officer is using "persuasive diplomacy" it is called ___________. The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known as the ? Instances of prison sex can be divided into three basic categories. Within a correctional facility, the health and safety considerations for an inmate may take priority over the right to confidentiality, but some have interpreted this to mean that all officers should know the HIV status of individuals who are incarcerated. The ___________ constantly finds problems with the way the institution is run or with existing policies and rules. Adult offenders are arrested; juvenile offenders are? The first historical phase of prison discipline, involving soiltary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment was called the ____________. Evidence based corrections have shown very strong evidence that drug courts_______the future criminal activities of offenders. [20] Adequate discharge planning and linkage to community medical care upon release often fall short of practices recommended by the CDC and only 30% of individuals are retained in HIV medical care after 6 months in the community. Court will convene at 9:30 a.m. The most common cause of death among the world's prisoners is? Intensive supervision probation(ISP) involves? There are fewer women working as correctional officers than there are working as police officers. [ 1] The fundamental difference between jail and prison is the nature of their. Which of the following statements is true? The majority of inmates in the Federal Bureau of Prisons have been convicted of _____. Most inmates with HIV will qualify for free or low-cost medical treatment at clinics federally funded through the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act of 2006. A Latin term that refers to the state as guardian of minors and incompetent people is called? What is defined as the process by which an inmate becomes socialized into the customs and principles of the inmate society? a) They have considerable discretion in discharing their duties within the constraints of rules, regulations, and policies. [9,12,25] The CDC recommends hepatitis B vaccinationfor all incarcerated persons who do not have immunity to or active infection with HBV. Few inmates suffer from psychological problems. Inmates skilled in legal matters are known as ________. [38] The CDC has released a comprehensive document to guide the implementation of opt-out HIV testing in the correctional setting. The workforce at most prisons is not organized into unions. The halting or suspension, before conviction, of formal criminal proceedings against a person, conditional upon some form of counter-performance by the defendant is called? 1 Answer/Comment. The typical offender has been convicted of? A. a type of sentence in which the offender must submit to intensive supervision in lieu of imprisonment, A. an opportunity to confront and cross-examine people who testify against them. In 2014, the mean annual wage for state correctional officers was ________. [7], The higher prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) within correctional facilities can partially be explained by the high percentage of inmates with a history of injection drug use. The rates of inmate suicide are far higher than the national averages, and even higher still for special populations (including juvenile and LGBTI inmates), even corrections officers have a much greater occupational suicide rate. The principle that the highest objective of public policy is the greatest happiness for the largest number of people is called? John Irvin said in 1986 that the purpose of jails was rabble management. Paramedics from the adjoining firehouse were called and unsuccessfully tried to resuscitate the prisoner. A punishment that is grossly disproportionate to the offense as well as those that transgress today's broad and idealistic concepts of dignity, civilized standards, humanity and decency is said to be? What case launched the prisoners' rights movement? Among different racial/ethnic groups, blacks have the highest incarceration rates. , which are essentially the same thing, both having a notion that the consequence of the act is the most important . (2) Words such as SOMETIMES, MAY, GENERALLY, and POSSIBLY soften a statement and leave more room for the statement to be correct. Diversion has its roots in ________theory. The beliefs, values and behaviors of staff that differ greatly from those of the inmates are called____________. What Latin term is defined as a court order requiring that a confined person be brought to court so that his or her claims can be heard? [47] Financial barriers also prevent timely initiation or continuation of antiretroviral therapy in correctional settings. In the United States, the average ratio of correctional officers to inmates across all states in 2012 was _____. [45] Some prison-specific barriers include unauthorized medication confiscation, medication theft, medication stock-outs, and inability to access medications during lockdowns. From the graph it has been observed that the functions grow exponentially. Bureau of Justice Statistics: Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. In a study of CDC-funded HIV tests conducted in adult correctional facilities the percentage of persons newly diagnosed with HIV who were linked to HIV medical care within 90 days improved from 37.8% in 2009 to 67.5% in 2013 (Figure 14).[38]. [17] Transgender women, in particular, have relatively higher rates of HIV and incarceration. Women make up ______ percent of the parole population. Q. The buyer has always had more power than the seller. [64,65] Developing new models of prison healthcare, such as telemedicine, that can effectively deliver best-practice HIV medicine to inmates living with HIV, is crucial to ensuring the constitutionally protected right of prisoners to adequate healthcare. The most honorable form of punishment for men was decapitation with a sword. [7] Since the state prison population is much larger than the federal prison population, it is not surprising the number of state prisoners with HIV far outnumbers the number in federal prison (Figure 9). Totality-of-conditions rulings have been handed down against prison systems in three states. [14,15], In the United States, the absolute number of men with HIV in state or federal prisons is consistently greater than the number of women by a ratio of more than 10 to 1, which is not surprising given the prison population is predominantly male. The functions are and. The __________ advocated a prison system which shifted the emphasis from punishing the body to reforming the mind and soul. ___________ officers are experienced correctional officers who know and can perform almost any custody role in the institution. Suicide is a threat to all persons involved in corrections. The idea that people are motivated by pleasure and pain and that the proper amount of punishment can deter crime is called? Assume that the Portland Trail Blazers center makes 58%58\%58% of his free-throw shots. Inmates should mind their own affairs and do their own time., Inmates should not inform the prison staff about the illicit activities of other prisoners., Inmates should be indifferent to the prison staff and loyal to other convicts., or Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble. The ___________ was influenced by progressive beliefs that education and science were vehicles for controlling crime. -New offenders are socialized into the prison subculture through a process known as prisonization. Personalism & Modern Psychology Plato's Meno, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management, Anderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume, David Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, and Information Technology, Electoral Process and Propaganda Techniques Q. A person who is conditionally released from prison to community supervision is referred to as a ____________. [45,66] In a study that involved released prisoners in Texas, only 30% filled a prescription for antiretroviral therapy within 60 days of release. [50] In this setting, however, the use of universal precautions should negate the need for correctional staff outside of health services to know the HIV status of any individual patient. A committment to a set of agreed-upon values aimed at the improvement of the organization while maintaining the highest standards of excellence is called? The _________ would be most involved in encouraging prisoners to participate in educational, vocational and treatment programs. The ________ is a theory that states that the inmate society arises as a response to the prison environment and the painful conditions of confinement. This is called _________. World Prison Brief, Institute for Criminal Policy Research. Officers who conduct pre-sentence investigations utilize discretion in deciding what to include in a report and, most importantly, what sentence to recommend. The first jail in America was________in Philadelphia. A due process hearing that must be conducted to determine whether the conditions of probation have been violated is called? After the American Revolution, England sent its prisoners to Scotland. The "Founder of Probation" is John Augustus. If you want to skip this dialog please Always allow popup windows for the online course. Inmates' belief that a correctional officer can and will punish disobedience gives the officer __________. Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender. C. This graphic represents systematic review and data synthesis compiled up to January 13, 2015. The HIV Care Cascade Before, During, and After Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Data Synthesis. Instant death was usually reserved for members of the poorer classses and not the nobility. Correctional officers have power by virtue of their positions within the organization. For more than 200 years, England practiced a form of criminal exile known as transportation. Psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors, nurses, teachers and others who contract with the institution to provide services are called___________. The case of__________supported the use of the death penalty if the State used guided discretionary capital statutes. The privacy of the individual inmate should be protected to the greatest extent possible, which typically means that medical interviews of inmates should be conducted out of earshot of correctional officers, and the disclosure of protected health information should be limited to situations that directly impact the health and safety of other inmates and/or correctional staff.[51]. Guidelines for correctional officers---e.g., always go to the aid of an officer in distress, don't "lug" drugs, don't rat on other officers---are all part of ______. In the case of_______, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to sentence a 15-year-old to death. Correctional officers dispense both formal and informal sanctions to induce cooperation among inmates. Prisons, or institutions in which large numbers of convicted offenders spend time as punishment for crimes, are over a thousand years old. Easy Quiz 2. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. A crime punishable by confinement in a local jail for a year or less is called? [37] A more recent CDC HIV corrections testing project conducted from 2009-2013 found 0.3-0.4% of inmates tested in a broad range of correctional facilities were newly diagnosed with HIV(Figure 13). [20] The linkage to appropriate medical care during incarceration can be challenging since HIV specialists may not be available to provide medical services on-site at the correctional facility. The first reformatory to implement an extensive parole program was ___________. Inmates should mind their own affairs and do their own time., Inmates should not inform the prison staff about the illicit activities of other prisoners., Inmates should be indifferent to the prison staff and loyal to other convicts., or Inmates should follow the prison rules and not cause trouble. The case of_________ruled that "guilty beyond a reasonable doubt" should be the standard in all delinquency adjudications. Inmates skilled in legal matters are known as ________. [3] The total adult population in the correctional system in the United States, including local jails, state prisons, and federal prisons, increased significantly during the 1980s and 1990s (largely as a result of the crackdown on illegal drug use), peaked in 2008, and then leveled off (or slightly decreased) (Figure 4) and (Figure 5). [21], Although consensual sex, rape, tattooing, and injection drug use occur within the correctional setting, available data suggest that most persons with HIV who are incarceratedacquired HIV prior to entering prison or, for those with multiple incarcerations, between periods of incarceration. In the past, most studies viewed the problem of misconduct as one of individual problem officers, the so-called bad apples on the force.